Low Blood Pressure: When Is It a Concern?

Understanding Low Blood Pressure

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of arteries. It is recorded as two numbers, with the higher number representing systolic pressure (when the heart beats) and the lower number representing diastolic pressure (when the heart rests between beats). Normal blood pressure ranges can vary slightly from person to person, but is generally considered to be around 120/80 mmHg.

What is Hypotension?

Hypotension, also known as low blood pressure, occurs when the force of blood pushing against artery walls is much lower than normal. While a blood pressure reading below 90/60 mmHg is often considered hypotension, some people can have low blood pressure but no symptoms of hypotension. However, abnormally low blood pressure can potentially cause symptoms of dizziness, fatigue, nausea, fainting and blurred vision.

Causes of Low Blood Pressure

There are many potential causes of low blood pressure, including:

• Pregnancy - Blood pressure often drops in the first 24 weeks of pregnancy before returning to pre-pregnancy levels
• Heart conditions - Issues with heart rhythm, heart valves or heart failure can affect blood pressure
• Endocrine problems - Thyroid disorders, adrenal insufficiency, low blood sugar and more
• Nutrient deficiencies - Lack of nutrients like vitamin B12, folate and iron
• Dehydration - Losing fluids through vomiting, diarrhea, sweating or burns
• Blood loss - Significant blood loss through injury or internal bleeding
• Medications - Diuretics, antidepressants, heart medications and more
• Sepsis - The body's extreme response to an infection
• Neurogenic - Disorders affecting the nervous system

Symptoms of Low Blood Pressure

Some people with low blood pressure may experience no symptoms at all. However, symptoms that can occur with hypotension include:

Lightheadedness

Low blood pressure prevents the brain from getting enough oxygenated blood. This can lead to a feeling of lightheadedness, where you feel momentarily dizzy or woozy.

Fainting (Syncope)

A sudden drop in blood pressure can cause you to temporarily lose consciousness and faint. This happens when the brain becomes severely deprived of oxygen.

Dizziness

Low blood pressure can make you feel unsteady on your feet. You may feel dizzy when standing up after sitting or lying down for a while.

Nausea

The lack of blood flow caused by low blood pressure can trigger nausea in some people. You may even vomit.

Fatigue and Weakness

Hypotension can cause tiredness, lack of energy and feeling of weakness. This is due to reduced oxygen delivery to muscles and tissue.

Blurred Vision

Eyes depend on adequate blood flow to function properly. Low blood pressure can interfere with this, causing momentary vision changes or blurriness.

Confusion

Inadequate blood flow to the brain can cause temporary confusion, inability to concentrate, memory loss and hallucinations.

Risks of Low Blood Pressure

While not always serious, some potential complications can occur with chronically low blood pressure or a significant drop, including:

Falls

Lightheadedness, dizziness and balance problems raise the risk of falls and fall-related injuries, especially in older adults.

Organ Damage

If low blood pressure causes oxygen deprivation to vital organs like the brain, heart or kidneys, organ damage can eventually occur.

Heart Complications

Those with existing heart conditions may experience angina, abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) or even heart failure if blood pressure gets too low.

Pregnancy Complications

In pregnant women, low blood pressure can reduce blood flow to the fetus, potentially leading to poor fetal growth and other complications.

Shock

A steep drop in blood pressure may bring on shock, a life-threatening medical emergency where major organs do not get enough blood flow. Immediate treatment for shock is vital.

Treating Low Blood Pressure

Depending on the cause and severity of hypotension, treatment may include:

Increasing Fluid Intake

Staying hydrated with water or electrolyte drinks can help increase blood volume and treat dehydration-related low blood pressure.

Medication Changes

If prescribed blood pressure medications are causing excess lowering of pressure, a doctor may adjust dosage or switch medications.

Compression Stockings

Wearing compression stockings promotes blood flow and may minimize pressure drops when standing up.

Raising the Head

Elevating the head while sleeping can prevent pressure drops. This may also ease nighttime symptoms.

Increasing Salt Intake

Boosting salt intake through electrolyte drinks or salty foods may help retain fluid and increase blood volume.

Medications

Doctors may prescribe drugs like fludrocortisone, midodrine or ephedrine to constrict veins and arteries, increasing resistance to blood flow.

Living with Low Blood Pressure

Though not always harmful, chronically low blood pressure can impact quality of life due to bothersome symptoms. Helpful tips include:

Slow Position Changes

Moving from lying or sitting slowly can prevent pressure drops. Wait before standing fully.

Raising Legs

If you start to feel faint, lie down and elevate legs above heart level to get blood flowing back to the brain.

Identify Triggers

Journal symptoms to discover personal triggers for hypotension like heat, skipped meals, or prolonged standing.

Boost Caffeine

Beverages with caffeine like tea, coffee or sodas can temporarily increase blood pressure.

Wear Compression Garments

Compression stockings, abdominal bands, sleeves and socks can also help stabilize blood pressure.

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new treatment regimen.