Understanding and Treating Symptoms of Low Blood Pressure

Understanding Low Blood Pressure

Blood pressure is the force of blood against the walls of arteries. It is recorded as two numberssystolic pressure (as the heart beats) over diastolic pressure (as the heart relaxes between beats). Normal blood pressure levels are less than 120 mm Hg systolic and less than 80 mm Hg diastolic.

Low blood pressure, also called hypotension, occurs when the systolic blood pressure reading is below 90 or the diastolic reading is below 60. While a minor drop in blood pressure does not usually cause problems, continually low blood pressure can lead to symptoms that negatively impact daily living.

Causes of Chronic Low Blood Pressure

There are several reasons why some people have persistently low blood pressure readings, including:

• Genetics
• Endocrine problems like diabetes, parathyroid disease, or adrenal insufficiency
• Nutrient deficiencies
• Dehydration
• Heart conditions
• Pregnancy
• Some medications like diuretics, beta blockers, and antidepressants

In some people, the cause of low blood pressure is unknown. Doctors refer to this as primary hypotension. Secondary hypotension refers to low blood pressure from an identifiable underlying condition.

Low Blood Pressure Symptoms

Many people with mild hypotension do not experience any symptoms. Among those who do have low blood pressure symptoms, common issues include:

• Dizziness
• Fainting (syncope)
• Dim vision
• Fatigue
• Nausea
• Depression
• Blurry vision
• Shallow breathing

These signs tend to occur when moving from a lying or sitting position to standing. This is called orthostatic or postural hypotension. It results from a sudden drop in blood pressure and reduced blood flow to the brain.

Dangers and Complications

While low blood pressure itself is rarely life-threatening, it can lead to potentially dangerous outcomes. Fainting due to a steep decline in blood pressure often results in injuries from falling. Usually, the fainting spells are short-lived and resolve quickly once the person lies down.

People prone to low blood pressure are advised to get up slowly, stay hydrated, and avoid drugs and alcohol that can affect blood pressure. Waist-high compression stockings can also help prevent blood from pooling in leg veins.

Beyond fainting and falling risks, possible complications include:

Heart Disease

Low blood pressure tends to strain the heart. Over time, the heart may enlarge and lose efficiency. Heart failure, valve problems, and artery disease are more common in people with untreated hypotension.

Dementia Risk

Research links recurrent drops in blood pressure with an increased chance of developing dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. Autopsies often show brain lesions related to low blood flow in dementia patients.

Kidney Failure

The kidneys rely on healthy blood flow and pressure. Chronic hypotension can lead to acute kidney failure or progressive decline in normal kidney function.

Treating Low Blood Pressure

Doctors focus treatment plans on addressing the underlying cause when possible. Recommendations may include:

Treating Dehydration

Increasing fluid intake through water, juices, or electrolyte sports drinks may alleviate low blood pressure caused by dehydration. Adding more salt to the diet can also help retain fluids.

Changing Medications

Switching to alternative prescriptions may resolve hypotension resulting from medication side effects. Adjusting dosages or timing may also help in some cases.

Nutrient Supplementation

If low blood levels of iron, vitamin B-12, folate, or other nutrients underly the problem, correcting those deficiencies can normalize blood pressure.

Compression Garments

Wearing special stockings or bindings helps prevent blood from pooling in the legs and improves low blood pressure between doctors visits.

In resistant cases, medications to constrict blood vessels like Florinef may be prescribed. More serious interventions include surgery, implantable blood pressure monitors, or pacemakers.

The risks associated with low blood pressure emphasize the importance of having hypotension evaluated. Anyone experiencing chronic symptoms or issues after fainting due to low readings should seek guidance from their healthcare provider.

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new treatment regimen.