Understanding Atrial Flutter: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

Understanding Atrial Flutter

Atrial flutter is an abnormal heart rhythm that causes the upper chambers of the heart (the atria) to beat too fast. This rapid heartbeat originates in the atria and can conduct to the lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles). There are two main types of atrial flutter:

Common Atrial Flutter

The most common type of atrial flutter involves a circuit of abnormal electrical signals that travel across the right atrium. This causes the atria to contract very rapidly at a rate of about 300 beats per minute. Not all of these signals travel to the ventricles, which beat at a slower rate, typically about 150 beats per minute when a person has atrial flutter.

Atypical Atrial Flutter

A less common type of atrial flutter uses a different circuit in the atria. In atypical flutter, the abnormal signals travel across the left atrium rather than the right. Atypical flutter may be more difficult to treat than typical flutter.

Symptoms of Atrial Flutter

Sometimes atrial flutter does not cause any symptoms. However, symptoms can include:

• Heart palpitations - a racing, uncomfortable, pounding, or irregular beat
• Dizziness
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain
• Weakness or fatigue

Causes and Risk Factors for Atrial Flutter

Certain factors can raise the risk of developing atrial flutter, such as:

• High blood pressure
• Coronary artery disease
• Emphysema or other lung diseases
• Congenital heart disease
• Hyperthyroidism
• Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol
• Electrolyte imbalances
• Cardiac surgery
• Infection in the heart
• Previous heart attack
• Structural problems with the heart

Atrial Flutter and AFib

Sometimes atrial flutter occurs along with a similar arrhythmia called atrial fibrillation (AFib). AFib also causes the atria beat chaotically and rapidly. Atrial flutter and AFib share many risk factors and causes as well.

Diagnosing Atrial Flutter

If symptoms suggest atrial flutter, several tests can help diagnose the condition:

• Electrocardiogram (ECG) - This test detects and records the heart's electrical activity. An ECG can demonstrate abnormal rapid signals coming from the atria.
• Holter monitor - This portable device records heart rhythm continuously for 24 to 48 hours during normal activity. It often detects intermittent atrial flutter episodes.
• Event recorder - This handheld ECG device allows patients to record abnormal heart beats and rhythms as they are occurring to share with their doctor.
• Echocardiogram - An ultrasound image of the heart lets doctors evaluate the structure and function of the heart.

Atrial Flutter Treatment

Treatment options for atrial flutter include medications, cardioversion, ablation, and pacemakers:

Medications

Medications that maintain normal heart rhythms (antiarrhythmics), control heart rate, or prevent blood clots may be prescribed. Blood thinning medications like warfarin or newer anticoagulants are usually recommended as well.

Cardioversion

This procedure uses controlled electric shocks to restore a normal heart rhythm. Medication may be given during the procedure to relax the patient.

Catheter Ablation

This minimally invasive procedure destroys small scar tissues in the heart that disrupt electrical signals. Ablation often prevents recurrence of atrial flutter.

Pacemaker

For people who do not respond well to other treatments, a pacemaker can deliver small electrical impulses to the heart to maintain a suitable rhythm.

Preventing Atrial Flutter

Some lifestyle changes and properly managing certain medical conditions can help prevent atrial flutter episodes:

• Quit smoking
• Limit alcohol and caffeine
• Manage diabetes, thyroid, and lung diseases
• Lower blood pressure and cholesterol
• Exercise regularly
• Maintain a healthy body weight
• Reduce stress

Living with Atrial Flutter

Even with treatment, atrial flutter may recur over time. Following doctor's orders is key, and reporting any new symptoms or side effects. Many people can control symptoms and decrease risks by making heart-healthy lifestyle changes.

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new treatment regimen.