The Risks of Repeated COVID-19 Infection
Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been reports of people getting infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus multiple times. Some individuals have tested positive for COVID-19 two, three or even four times over the past couple years.
Early research indicates that repeat SARS-CoV-2 infection is likely due to waning immunity over time. Getting COVID-19 more than once also seems to increase the chances of developing long-term health complications.
Immunity After COVID-19 Infection
After being infected with SARS-CoV-2, most people develop some degree of natural immunity through antibodies their immune system produces to fight off the virus. However, this immunity may only provide protection for a certain period of time.
Studies show that COVID-19 antibodies start decreasing within a few months after infection. One study found a significant drop in antibodies within just 60 days post-infection.
Because immunity from a previous infection wanes relatively quickly, people can get reinfected after a number of months. Those with weakened immune systems may be at higher risk for reinfection sooner.
Risk of Reinfection
Data on exactly how often COVID-19 reinfections occur is limited. However, some estimates suggest the risk of getting COVID-19 again is about 5 times higher in unvaccinated individuals compared to those who are vaccinated after an initial infection.
During each new spike in cases driven by emerging variants, the probability of reinfection seems to increase compared to prior waves. Getting COVID-19 multiple times becomes progressively more likely as new variants continue developing mutations that help them evade existing immune defenses.
Long COVID Concerns
While some reinfections may be mild or asymptomatic, one worry is that each new infection could raise the risk of developing chronic post-COVID-19 health issues, also known as long COVID.
Small studies have found higher rates of long COVID symptoms among those who have been reinfected compared to people infected only once. However, more research is needed to confirm this relationship.
Other Complications
There is also concern that each new infection could potentially cause new damage to body systems and organs. Some early research indicates reinfection may increase risks such as:
- Lung function decline
- Heart inflammation and other cardiovascular complications
- Cognitive impairment (brain fog, memory issues)
- Kidney damage and chronic kidney disease
- Blood clots
- Liver abnormalities
However, these preliminary findings require much more investigation to fully understand how closely complications relate to reinfections.
Protecting Against Reinfection
While immunity acquired through infection appears relatively short-lived, getting vaccinated after having COVID-19 provides longer lasting antibody protection that can shield against reinfection.
Additionally, staying up to date with the recommended COVID-19 boosters activates immune system memory to prevent severe illness. Other protective measures like masking and testing if exposed also limit reinfection opportunities.
While vaccination and boosters may not fully prevent reinfection, they are extremely effective at reducing the risk of hospitalization and death with subsequent infections. Getting immunized and boosted remains the best way to safeguard long-term health even among those with a history of previous COVID-19 infection.
FAQs
Can you get COVID-19 more than once?
Yes, it is possible to get infected with COVID-19 multiple times, especially as immunity decreases over time and new variants emerge.
How long does COVID-19 immunity last after infection?
Natural immunity gained from COVID-19 infection appears to wane after a few months up to a year or so, allowing reinfection to occur.
Does reinfection make COVID-19 worse?
Early research indicates repeat infections may potentially increase the risk of long-term health issues like long COVID, organ damage, and other complications.
How can you prevent COVID-19 reinfection?
Getting vaccinated and staying up-to-date on recommended COVID-19 boosters is the best way to provide longer-lasting protection against reinfection.
Can you get long COVID from reinfection?
Small studies show higher rates of long COVID symptoms in those with repeat infections compared to one infection, but more research is still needed.
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new treatment regimen.
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