Skeeter Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment for Mosquito Bite Allergies

What is Skeeter Syndrome?

Skeeter syndrome is a rare allergic reaction to mosquito bites. When a person with skeeter syndrome is bitten by a mosquito, they develop enlarged red welts that can be itchy, painful, and warm to the touch. These severe mosquito bite reactions are caused by an allergy to proteins found in mosquito saliva.

Skeeter syndrome is also sometimes referred to as mosquito bite allergy or severe local reactions to mosquito bites. While most people experience some irritation and itching after a mosquito bite, those with skeeter syndrome have reactions that are much more exaggerated and severe.

Symptoms of Skeeter Syndrome

The main symptom of skeeter syndrome is large, red, swollen welts at the site of the mosquito bite. These welts are typically much larger than a normal mosquito bite reaction, sometimes getting as big as a few inches across. The welts tend to be warm to the touch and may be firm and hard.

Other symptoms of skeeter syndrome may include:

• Intense itching at the bite site
• Pain or tenderness
• Swelling that spreads away from the bite site
• Bruising around the welts
• Blistering at the bite site in severe reactions

The symptoms usually develop within hours of being bitten and may last for a week or more before fully resolving. However, the severe itching and discomfort often peaks within the first 1-2 days.

What Causes Skeeter Syndrome?

Skeeter syndrome is caused by an allergic reaction to proteins found in mosquito saliva. When a mosquito bites the skin, it injects a small amount of saliva into the skin. This saliva contains proteins that prevent blood from clotting so that the mosquito can drink blood.

For those with skeeter syndrome, the immune system overreacts to these mosquito saliva proteins, causing an exaggerated inflammatory reaction at the bite site. This results in fluids leaking from blood vessels and leads to swelling, redness, warmth, and itching.

Who Is At Risk for Skeeter Syndrome?

Skeeter syndrome is considered relatively rare overall. However, some individuals are at higher risk than others:

• Children - Skeeter syndrome is most common in young children under the age of 15.
• Atopy - People with atopic conditions like asthma, eczema, and hay fever appear to be more prone to developing the allergy.
• Genetics - There may be a hereditary component, with an increased risk if a close family member also has the allergy.
• Frequent exposure - Frequent mosquito bites seems to increase sensitivity over time.
• Location - People living in regions with lots of mosquito activity are more likely to be bitten frequently.

While anyone can develop mosquito bite allergies, it is rare in adults over age 30. Skeeter syndrome also appears to be more common in warmer tropical climates where mosquito exposure is greater.

Diagnosing Skeeter Syndrome

A doctor can often diagnose skeeter syndrome based on a description of the symptoms and a physical exam of the mosquito bites. They will likely ask about any family history of severe mosquito bite reactions.

To confirm the diagnosis, allergy testing may be recommended. Common allergy tests include:

• Skin prick test - Mosquito saliva extract is placed on the skin and pricked with a needle. If a wheal and flare reaction develops, it indicates allergy antibodies.
• Blood tests - A blood sample is analyzed for levels of mosquito-specific IgE antibodies.
• Controlled bite test - Exposing the skin to controlled mosquito bites under medical observation can provide confirmation.

These tests can identify antibodies to mosquito proteins to support a skeeter syndrome diagnosis. Testing can also determine which species a person may be allergic to.

Skeeter Syndrome Treatment

There is no cure for mosquito bite allergies. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing reactions to bites. Some treatment options may include:

Antihistamines

Oral antihistamines like cetirizine or diphenhydramine can help reduce itching, swelling, and wheal size. They work by blocking the action of histamine, a chemical released in allergic reactions.

Steroid Creams

Applying over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream to the bite sites can help reduce inflammation and itching. Stronger prescription steroid creams may also be used in severe cases.

Cold Compresses

Applying cold compresses or ice packs to the bite sites can help provide relief from pain, itching, and swelling.

Pain Medication

For severe pain and discomfort, oral OTC pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen may be helpful.

Immunotherapy

Allergy shots containing mosquito saliva extracts can help desensitize the immune system over time. This may reduce allergic reactions to bites.

Preventing Mosquito Bites

The best way to manage skeeter syndrome is to avoid getting bitten by mosquitos. Some tips to prevent bites include:

• Use EPA-registered insect repellents like DEET, picaridin, IR3535.
• Wear long sleeves and pants outdoors.
• Stay indoors during peak mosquito hours at dawn and dusk.
• Install window screens in your home.
• Remove standing water sources from your property.
• Use mosquito zappers and fans outdoors.
• Treat clothing with permethrin to repel mosquitos.

For severe skeeter syndrome, it's also a good idea to have epinephrine injectors available in case of a life-threatening allergic reaction to a bite.

When to See a Doctor

You should consult a doctor if:

• You experience large, swollen welts after mosquito bites.
• The welts appear infected or spread away from the bite site.
• You have intense pain, swelling, or fever after a bite.
• The symptoms do not respond to OTC treatments.
• You have trouble breathing or experience throat swelling.

Seeking prompt medical treatment is important if you may be experiencing signs of a severe allergic reaction that requires epinephrine or other medical management.

Outlook for Skeeter Syndrome

While skeeter syndrome can cause very uncomfortable local reactions, severe systemic allergic reactions are rare. Most mosquito bite reactions resolve on their own within a week or so. Properly managing symptoms and avoiding additional mosquito bites can help prevent complications.

For children that develop the allergy, there is a chance they may outgrow it by adulthood after repeated exposures. Proper skin care and prevention measures can help reduce reactions until possible tolerance develops.

Skeeter syndrome is not usually a lifelong or dangerous allergy. However, it's important to consult an allergy specialist to confirm the diagnosis and provide guidance on preventing and treating mosquito bite reactions.

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new treatment regimen.