The Safety and Risks of Spray Tans and Self-Tanners
With summer coming up, many people are looking for ways to get a sun-kissed glow without exposing their skin to harmful UV rays. Spray tanning and self-tanners provide an alternative to traditional tanning beds and laying out in the sun. But are these popular tanning methods truly safe? Let's take a closer look at the safety concerns and risks associated with spray tans and self-tanners.
How Do Spray Tans and Self-Tanners Work?
Spray tans and self-tanners both deposit a chemical called dihydroxyacetone (DHA) onto the skin. When DHA interacts with dead surface skin cells, it causes a color change that resembles a tan. However, unlike true tans that protect skin from UV damage, DHA does not provide any sun protection.
With spray tans, DHA is sprayed evenly over the entire body by a technician at a salon or spa. For self-tanners, DHA is applied by spreading lotions, gels, foams, or mousses onto the skin. There are also powders and wipes containing DHA that can be used for spot treatments or touch ups.
Are the Ingredients in Spray Tans and Self-Tanners Safe?
The main active ingredient used in spray tans and self-tanners, DHA, has been approved by the FDA for external application. The FDA has determined DHA to be safe when used correctly and has placed no restrictions on it as a color additive. However, the safety of other ingredients contained in spray tan solutions and self-tanning products varies.
Some solutions may contain alcohol, fragrances, parabens, triclosan, or other controversial ingredients. Those with sensitive skin or allergies may experience irritation, rashes, or other negative reactions. Always check the ingredients carefully when choosing spray tan solutions or self-tanners.
What Are the Potential Risks of DHA?
Although the FDA has approved DHA as an external skin application, there are still some potential risks and side effects to be aware of when using DHA-containing products:
- Skin irritation - DHA can cause mild to moderate skin irritation in some people, especially those with sensitive skin. Redness, rash, dryness, and peeling are possible side effects.
- Allergic reactions - Rarely, allergic reactions to DHA may occur. These can include hives, itching, swelling, and respiratory issues.
- Inhalation issues - Spray tans involve misting DHA all over the body, which means it is possible to inhale some of the product. Inhaling DHA can cause coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath in sensitive people.
- Eye irritation - If DHA gets into the eyes, it can cause stinging, watering, and redness. Eye irritation is more common with spray tans than self-tanners.
- Orange tinting of light hair - DHA can react unpredictably with light blonde, grey or red hair, sometimes turning it orange. Strands of hair can also become stiff and brittle.
- Uneven application - Both spray tans and self-tanners carry a risk of uneven, streaky application if not done properly. This can leave an unnatural two-tone look to the skin.
Tips for Safer Use of DHA Products
If you choose to use a DHA-containing tanning product, there are some precautions you can take to reduce possible risks:
- Do a patch test - Apply a small amount of product to a discrete area and wait 24-48 hours to check for any reaction before full application.
- Protect eyes and mucous membranes - Wear protective goggles and nose plugs for spray tans. Avoid contact with eyes, nose and lips when applying self-tanners.
- Exfoliate first - Sloughing off dead skin cells allows for more even DHA staining and faster fading.
- Moisturize after - Applying body lotion helps reduce dryness, irritation, and promotes more uniform fading.
- Wash hands thoroughly - After applying self-tanners, wash palms to avoid orange staining of hands.
- Use proper technique - Carefully follow all preparation and application instructions provided to avoid streaking or uneven results.
- Let DHA fully develop - Wait at least 4-8 hours before bathing or exercising to allow DHA full time to react and create color.
Are There Any Long-Term Health Risks?
Much research has focused on the long-term safety of DHA use and whether it may be linked to increased cancer risk or DNA damage. Here is what studies have found so far:
Cancer
Multiple studies have found no connection between DHA and cancer risk in humans. Animal studies using high doses have hinted at the possibility of DHA being carcinogenic when ingested. However, DHA shows no signs of being carcinogenic when applied to intact human skin.
DNA Damage
A few studies on human skin cells and mice have indicated possible DNA damage from DHA. However, these results have not been replicated in human trials. Current research finds no conclusive evidence that normal DHA use damages DNA or causes mutations.
Hormone Disruption
Lab tests on animal fat cells have suggested that large amounts of DHA may have hormone-disrupting effects. However, no hormonal effects have been seen in human trials so far using typical doses found in tanning products.
Reproductive Effects
A handful of isolated studies reported possible reproductive effects in animals fed high concentrations of DHA orally. But no reproductive effects have been observed in humans following realistic external exposures.
Overall, most toxicology experts believe there is minimal concern for long-term health risks when DHA is used sporadically and as directed for cosmetic spray tanning or self-tanners. There is not enough evidence at this time to conclusively link DHA with cancer, DNA damage, hormone disruption, or reproductive issues in humans.
Other Possible Health Issues
Aside from risks associated directly with DHA exposure, using DHA-containing tanning products may contribute to other possible health problems:
False Sense of Safety
The tanned appearance created by DHA may lead some users to feel they don't need sun protection. But unlike real tans, DHA provides no UV protection at all. Failing to protect skin while tanned from DHA products could increase UV damage and skin cancer risk.
Toxic Exposure in Salons
The DHA mist generated by spray tanning can be inhaled as well as deposited on the skin. In poorly ventilated salons, airborne DHA and other chemicals can irritate eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. Techs administering spray tans are at particular risk since they perform numerous treatments daily.
Infections
If salon equipment, beds, and protective gear are not properly cleaned and sterilized between clients, bacteria and fungi can spread through spray tanning. Tanning beds and spray nozzles are notorious hotspots. Staff should always follow stringent sanitization procedures.
Allergic Reactions
Those allergic to DHA, fragrances, plant extracts, or any other ingredients should avoid spray tans and self-tanners. However, even people not generally prone to allergies can develop new sensitivities with repeated exposure.
Contamination
Certain toxins like benzene and hydrogen peroxide can be unintentionally introduced into some spray tan solutions and self-tanners during the manufacturing process. Only reputable brands from trusted retailers should be used to avoid contamination issues.
Tips for Safer Use of Spray Tans and Self-Tanners
If you do choose to use spray tans or self-tanners despite the possible risks, these tips can help reduce your chances of adverse effects:
- Research brands and read reviews - Choose established manufacturers with a reputation for quality and safety.
- Check ingredients carefully - Avoid products with added synthetics, fragrances, and preservatives if you have sensitivities.
- Do a patch test - Try a small amount on your arm before full application.
- Use sparingly - Don't overdo spray tans or self-tanners. Use the minimum amount needed to achieve subtle color.
- Follow all instructions - Take preparation steps and application directions seriously to avoid uneven staining or splotches.
- Exfoliate regularly - Slough off dead skin cells so DHA color fades evenly without leaving patches behind.
- Moisturize daily - Hydrating skin helps minimize dryness, peeling, irritation, and other side effects.
- Avoid inhalation - Hold breath and close eyes during spray tans. Opt for lotions instead of sprays if sensitive to mist.
- Ventilate indoor tanning areas - Ensure adequate airflow to reduce inhalation and airborne chemical exposure.
- Sanitize equipment - Beds, nozzles, goggles, etc. must be meticulously cleaned and disinfected after each use.
- Check for leaks - Report any leaky equipment to staff immediately to prevent possible DHA exposure.
- Protect skin - Never use tanning products as an alternative to safe UV protection from clothing and sunscreen.
The Bottom Line
Spray tans and self-tanners provide a way to tan safely without UV exposure. However, potential risks from DHA exposure and other factors should be considered. Those most at risk of side effects include:
- People with fair, sensitive skin
- Those with pre-existing allergies or asthma
- Individuals who spray tan or use self-tanners frequently
- Pregnant or breastfeeding women
- Children and adolescents
By using DHA products sporadically, following all directions, and taking appropriate precautions, most people can spray tan or self-tan without significant health risks. But those at high risk should consult a doctor before using and possibly avoid DHA products altogether. When used judiciously, spray tans and self-tanners can provide a safe alternative to UV tanning - but they require careful consideration of the possible benefits vs. risks.
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new treatment regimen.
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